The Earth and major structural components of earth

EARTH 
The third farthest planet from the sun is earth. The earth rotates on its axis in about 24 hours.
The diameter of earth is 12756 km.The earth completes its rotation along its axis in 23.9 hour and one tip along its orbit in 365 days,6 hours and 9 minutes and 9.4 seconds. The orbit of the earth is not a circle but an ellipse. 
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH 
The earth has four major structural components. 
1. The Crust 2.The Mantle 3.The Outer core 

The Sun

THE SUN 
The sun is the most significant star for the existence and life of living beings on earth. The whole life on earth depends on this brightest object in the sky. The living things get their energy from sun and the appropriate distance of earth from sun maintains an  appropriate temperature which is ideal for the survival of all the life present on earth. 
The sun is the principle source of energy for all the planets of the solar systems .Through a

Solar System

SOLAR SYSTEM 
The solar system includes nine planets and sun being at the centre. All the planets revolve around the sun .The solar system also includes the asteroids, meteors and numerous comets. All of these travel around the sun in a particular orbit
The planets which are the significant part of the solar

Galaxy and Classes of galaxy

GALAXY 
Galaxy is a huge number of stars groupedtogether. The term galaxy can also be described as a collection of dust, gas and stars measuring thousands of parsecs across.Galzxy contains 10000million stars and looks like a disc with a fat centre and spiral arms. From the front it looks like a convex lens‘s 

Classes of galaxy

Two broad classes of galaxy are there.

Big Bang Theory about the universe

UNIVERSE 
The BIG BANG THEORY about the universe is the most widely acceptable theories with regard to the origin of the universe. According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions. All the galaxies were formed from this matter. Observations of these galaxies show that they are still moving apart from each other.
The universe is expanding Some scientists have

Impact of science on society

IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY 
Science is the organization of knowledge in such a way that it commands the hidden potential in nature. This hidden potential is surfaced out by the subject of science through the process of understanding. Science has proved to be of enormous beneficial nature .It has made lasting impact on regarding each and every field of human existence. Whether it is concerned with our day to day lives or whether it is related with the various modern developments which have resulted in elevating the living standards of the individuals.

Contribution of Muslim Scientists.

MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL KHWARZIMI
Made lasting contributions in the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy, Music, Geography and History. He composed the oldest works on Arithmetic and on Algebra. The oldest Mathematic book composed by him is "Kitab ul jama wat tafriq" He is the first person who used zero and wrote"Hisab ul jabr Wal Muqabla" which is conceived to be an outstanding work on the subject which included analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations. In the field of Astronomy he compiled his own tables which formed the basis of later astronomical pursuits in both East and West. He also contributed in the field of geographical science by writing a noteworthy book KItab ul Surat al ard. In
Arabic. His book ―kitab al Tarik" is also a memorable work regarding history. 

AL BERUNI
Born in Afghanistan Beruni made original important contributions to science. He is conceived to be the most prominent scientists of the Islamic world who wrote around 150 books on various significant subjects concerning human existence. These subjects include Mathematics, History, Archeology, Biology, Geology, Chem is try, Religion etc. He discussed the behavior of earth, moon, and planets in his book "Qanoon Almasudi" which is also considered as an outstanding astronomical encyclopedia. He also discovered seven different ways of finding the directions of north and south and discovered mathematical techniques to determine exactly the beginning of the seasons. Another notable discovery he made was that the speed of light is faster than sound .His wide range of scientific knowledge is also revealed through his books" kitab al saidana" and "kitab al jawahar" dealing with medicine and the types of gems their gravity respectively. He was a prolific writer whose works showed his versatility as a scientist.

AL RAZI
The famous philosopher and a notable surgeon of the Muslim world, Zakriya Al Razi was born in Ray near modern Theran Iran. His eagerness for knowledge lead him to the study of Alchemy and Chemistry, philosophy, logic, Mathematics and Physics. He was a pioneer in many areas of medicine and treatment of health sciences in general, and in particular he worked alot in the fields of paeditrics, obsterics and ophthalmology. 
Al razi was the first person to introduce the use of Alcohol for medical purposes and opium for the objective of giving anesthesia to his patients. In the field of ophthalmology too Al razi gave an account of the operation for the extraction of the cataract and also the first scientist to discover the effect of the intensity of light on the eye. The modern studies confirm his understanding on the subject thus making him a great physician of all the times. 

ABU ALI IBN E SINA
Endowed with great powers of absorbing and retaining knowledge this Muslim scholar also made valuable contributions to the field of science. He is considered to be the founders of Medicine and also added his great efforts to the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy,  Medicinial Chemistry, Philosophy, Palae ontology and Music. His most famous book is "Al Qannun" which brings out the features of human physiology and medicine. 
Sina is also considered as a father of the science of Geology on account of his invaluable book on mountains in which he discussed matters relating to earth's crust and gave scientific reasons for earthquakes. He is the author of 238 books which are fine instances of his thoughts regarding various subjects in diverse ways. 

JABIR BIN HAYAN
Introduced experimental research in chemical science which immensely added its rapid development and made him the Father of Chemistry. He devised methods for preparation of important chemicals like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and white lead. 
Jabir's work also deal with the refinement of metals ,preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and leather, use of magnese dioxide in glass making, distillation of vinegar to concentrate acetic acid. Jabir also explained scientifically two principle functions of chemistry, i.e., calcination, and reduction and registered a marked improvement in the methods of evaporation, sublimation, distillation and crystallization 
He wrote more than 100 books which are one of the most outstanding contributions in the field of science especially the chemical science. 

ABDUL HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM
One of the  most outstanding Mathematicians, Physiologists, and Opticians of Islam. He contributed to the realms of medicine and philosophy. He wrote more than 200 scientific works on diverse subjects. Haitham examined the refraction of light rays through transparent  objects including air and water. Infact he was the first scientist to elaborate two laws of reflection of light He made a number of monumental discoveries in the field of optics ,including one which locates retina as the seat of vision. His book on optics "Kitab Al Manazir" vividly shows his grip on the subject. 
He constructed a pinhole camera and studied formation of images .Due to his noteworthy contributions he is regarded as one of the prolific Muslim scientists of all times. 

OMAR AL KHAYAM
He was an outstanding Mathematician and Astronomer. He was also known as a poet, philosopher and a physician. He travelled to the great centers of learning of the era i.e. Samrakund, Bukhara, and Ispahan.He classified many algebraic equations based on their complexity and recognized thirteen different forms of cubic equation. He also classified algebraic theories of parallel lines. On the invitation of Sultan Jalal-ud- Din, he introduced the Jilali calendar which has an error of one day in 3770 years. He also developed accurate methods for determination of gravity as a poet too, he is known for his Rubaiyat.He made great contributions in the development of mathematics and analytical geometry which benefitted Europe several years later. 

NASIR UD DIN TUSI
Al tusi was one of the greatest scientists, Mathematicians, Astronomers, Philosophers, Theologians and physicians of his time. He was a prolific writer and wrote many treatises on varied subjects like Algebra, Arithmetic, Trignometry, Geometery, Logic, Met aphy sics, medicine, ethics and Theology. He served as a minister of Halaku Khan and persuaded him to establish an observatory and library after the destruction of Baghdad. He worked at the observatory and prepared precise tables regarding the motion of the planets. These are also known as "Tables of Khan" 

ZIA UD DIN IBN BAITAR
Was a famous botanist and pharmacopeias of middle ages. Because of his intensive travels, he was able to discover many plant  species. He wrote many books regarding his field of specialty and is always considered as a prominent scientist among his Muslim  counterparts